TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Dhanteras, also referred to as Dhanatrayodashi, is a prominent Hindu festival observed on the thirteenth day of the Krishna Paksha (the waning phase of the moon) in the month of Ashwin or Kartik (October-November). As the inaugural day of Diwali celebrations, Dhanteras possesses considerable historical, cultural, and spiritual importance. It is believed to invite wealth, prosperity, and good health into homes and businesses. This article provides an in-depth exploration into the origins of Dhanteras, its evolution from ancient times to contemporary society, and its significance from literary, spiritual, and cultural viewpoints.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The custom originates from Vedic times and is mentioned in numerous scriptures. Although the festival is currently largely associated with commerce and wealth accumulation, its origins are linked to the pursuit for health, longevity, and well-being. The day commemorates the birth of Lord Dhanvantari – deity of medicine and progenitor of Ayurveda – who emerged during Samudra Manthan (the churning of the ocean) bearing a pot containing Amrit (elixir granting immortality). The association of Dhanteras with both health, represented by Dhanvantari, and wealth, symbolized by Goddess Lakshmi, mirrors the comprehensive perspective of ancient India where material and spiritual prosperity were equally esteemed.
ANCIENT PERIOD
In ancient scriptures such as the Rigveda and the Atharvaveda, the emphasis on health and wealth as dual blessings is prominently featured. The concept of wealth (dhanam) in these texts was not confined to gold or precious metals but encompassed cattle, grains, knowledge, and health. Lord Dhanvantari’s association with Ayurveda, an ancient medicinal system, underscores the importance of well-being during this festival. Individuals in ancient India would pray for longevity and acquire metals to honor Dhanvantari, believing that these purchases symbolically invite prosperity.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
During the medieval era, the veneration of Goddess Lakshmi, the deity of wealth and prosperity, gained prominence especially with the emergence of the Bhakti movement which emphasized devotion to household gods. Merchant communities such as Baniyas (traders) and Vaishyas started celebrating as a propitious occasion to inaugurate new financial accounts and invest in valuable commodities. This practice evolved into the tradition of purchasing gold, silver, and new utensils which continues today. The custom of illuminating lamps on Dhanteras also originated during this period symbolizing dispelling darkness and welcoming good fortune.
MODERN PERIOD
In the modern period, the festival has become an integral component of Diwali preparations throughout India. The acquisition of luxury goods, jewelry, and household appliances has become prevalent, with markets witnessing one of the highest sales during this time. While consumerism has assumed a prominent role, numerous households continue to conduct the traditional “Lakshmi Puja” and illuminate “Yamadeep” in adherence to ancient customs.
THE MYTHS ASSOCIATED WITH DHANTERAS
Numerous intriguing myths are associated with Dhanteras, each providing valuable insights into the customs observed during this festival.
The Churning of the Ocean (Samudra Manthan)
The most renowned tale is that of “Samudra Manthan”, where deities (Devas) and demons (Asuras) churned the ocean to procure divine treasures. Lord Dhanvantari emerged from the ocean carrying a pot of Amrit, signifying the advent of divine health. This event underscores the importance of health alongside material wealth, and the day is celebrated by illuminating lamps and making new purchases.
The Tale of King Hima
Another popular myth recounts the tale of “King Hima’s son”, whose horoscope foretold death by snakebite on his marriage’s fourth night. In order to prevent the foreseen unfortunate event, his spouse ignited lamps, adorned the residence with gold and silver currency, and performed melodies to maintain his consciousness. Upon the arrival of Yama, the deity of mortality, in the guise of a serpent, he was captivated by the radiance of the lamps and decorations and departed without inflicting harm on the prince. This narrative elucidates the tradition of illuminating Yamadeep on Dhanteras to repel death and misfortune.
PROCEDURE AND PREPARATIONS FOR DHANTERAS
Residential Cleaning and Embellishment
The preparation for Dhanteras commences with comprehensive sanitation of residences and commercial establishments. As per tradition, Goddess Lakshmi only graces residences that are clean and well-arranged. Families embellish their homes with rangoli designs, marigold blossoms, and lamps.
Acquisition of Gold, Silver, and Utensils
It is deemed highly propitious to acquire gold, silver or brass utensils on Dhanteras as it symbolizes the advent of good fortune. In antiquity, metallic objects were perceived as enduring sources of wealth whose acquisition ensured economic stability. Even in contemporary times, individuals throng jewelry stores to purchase ornaments or valuable commodities.
Execution of Lakshmi and Dhanvantari Puja
During the evening hours, households conduct a ritual known as Lakshmi Puja, which involves presenting offerings of flowers and sweets to the Goddess Lakshmi, accompanied by prayers. In certain homes, Lord Dhanvantari is also revered, particularly by those seeking health and wellness. Oil lamps, or diyas, are ignited to welcome prosperity and light the way for divine blessings.
Illumination of Yamadeep
A crucial element of Dhanteras is the lighting of the Yamadeep, an oil lamp positioned at the entrance of a residence or on a balcony. This lamp is kept burning throughout the night to repel negative energies and safeguard the household from misfortune.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DHANTERAS
Dhanteras has developed into a social event that unites families and communities. It extends beyond individual prosperity to encompass collective well-being. Here are some key aspects of its social and cultural significance:
Strengthening Family Bonds
Families unite to clean and adorn their homes, purchase valuables, and prepare for Diwali. These activities promote unity and happiness.
Community Spirit
In numerous towns and cities, markets are vibrant with activity during Dhanteras as people exchange sweets, gifts, and good wishes. This stimulates trade and economic activity, benefiting local businesses.
Charity and Sharing
Many individuals donate money, clothing, and food to those in need on Dhanteras, spreading joy and fortune to those less fortunate. This philanthropic endeavor is in accordance with the festival’s ethos of plentifulness and appreciation.
THE SPIRITUAL IMPORTANCE OF DHANTERAS
Dhanteras carries significant spiritual implications beyond material affluence. The festival underscores the necessity for equilibrium between material and spiritual existence. It imparts that wealth only holds significance when it fulfills a superior objective—providing joy, aiding others, and ensuring welfare. The illumination of lamps during Dhanteras symbolizes the victory of luminosity over obscurity and wisdom over unawareness.
APPROPRIATE VERSES FOR DHANTERAS WORSHIP
For Lakshmi Worship
“Om Shreem Hreem Shreem Kamale Kamalalaye Praseed Praseed, Om Shreem Hreem Shreem Mahalakshmyai Namah”
This chant is recited to invoke Goddess Lakshmi’s blessings for prosperity and good fortune.
For Health (Dhanvantari Mantra)
“Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya Dhanvantaraye Amrita Kalasha Hastaya Sarva Bhaya Vinashaya Sarva Roganivaranaya Traimbakaya Namah”
This chant is dedicated to Lord Dhanvantari, seeking health and protection from illnesses.
REFERENCES IN LITERARY AND RELIGIOUS TEXTS
Various Hindu scriptures underscore the importance of wealth and health:
The Vishnu Purana narrates the emergence of Dhanvantari during the Samudra Manthan, which signifies the day of Dhanteras.
The Bhagavad Gita accentuates the necessity of equilibrium in materialistic and spiritual endeavors, which is congruent with the fundamental message of Dhanteras.
The Atharvaveda encompasses hymns dedicated to health and well-being, thereby amplifying the significance of Dhanvantari’s blessings.
CONCLUSION
Dhanteras is a festival that amalgamates ancient wisdom with contemporary practices. It serves as a reminder of the importance of wealth, not solely for personal acquisition but as an instrument for societal benefit. The festival’s emphasis on “health, wealth, and well-being” mirrors the comprehensive approach of Indian culture, where material prosperity and spiritual satisfaction are intertwined. Whether it be through the procurement of gold, illumination of Yamadeep, or recitation of mantras, Dhanteras is a celebration of “abundance, gratitude, and optimism” for a more prosperous future.
May this Dhanteras bestow health, wealth, and happiness upon all! Shubh Dhanteras!
